[Abstract] T.S. Eliot, a great American poet in the twentieth century, is a spokesman of the Imagist Movement. There are so many allusions and images in Eliot’s poems that the readers are often confused. He experienced two world wars. The time when he lived is a period of chaos, which provided him better chance to know the society and the people in great pain in that period. He goes deep into the nature of modern society. He is good at describing modern characters in his early poems. He emphasizes describing the rotten Western civilization and the decayed morals after the First World War before writing The Waste Land. In his early poems, he revealed the spiritual crisis in Western society. He also reveals the spiritual emptiness, conflicts and aimless life and despair of life of modern men. Prufrock is timid, hesitant, sensitive, anxious, lack of will and confidence; Gerontion, a little old man, hopeless, is on the verge of death; the hollow man is spiritually empty, tiny, and no one would care about his existence. The modern men that T.S. Eliot described in his early poems are hopeless and in serious illness. They are incurable. However, they might be the victims of the rotten western civilization. They are doomed to death. This paper will analyze the detailed behaviors of the characters in Eliot’s early poems and reveal the major image of modern men more clearly.

[Key Words] T.S. Eliot; hollow men; spiritual emptiness; modern men

【摘要】T.S.艾略特---20世纪美国著名的诗人，是意象派的代表人物之一。艾略特在他的诗歌中运用了很多典故和意象，这使读者不易理解他的作品。他经历了两次世界大战，早期他生活在混乱的年代，这样他就更有机会了解社会，了解生活在痛苦中的人们，他看清社会的本质。他擅长于描写现代人的形象，这特别体现在他的早期诗歌中。在《荒原》之前，艾略特着重描写第一次世界大战后西方文明的衰败和道德观念的沦落。在他的早期诗歌中，他反映了西方社会的精神危机，反映了现代人的精神空虚、内心矛盾、平庸生活以及对生活的绝望。普鲁弗洛克天生胆小、犹豫、敏感、焦虑、缺乏意志和信心；小老人毫无希望，已经无可救药，即将走向死亡；空心人精神空虚、渺小，没有人会在乎他的存在。艾略特在他早期诗歌中所反映的现代人的形象是无可救药的，也许可以说他们是西方文明衰败的受害者，他们最终是将走向死亡的。本文将详细分析艾略特早期诗歌中的人物行为，从而更清楚地看出现代人的形象。

【关键词】T.S.艾略特；空心人；精神空虚；现代人

1. Introduction

T.S. Eliot (1888-1965), who is regarded as a great modern perceptive poet in the twentieth century, was born in a rich family in St. Louis, Missouri. He was the son of a successful, cultivated businessman. The excellent family environment provided a good condition for T.S. Eliot to be a well-known scholar. And he had chance to study at many pop universities and received an excellent education, especially in classic literature when he was young.

T.S. Eliot was intelligent when he was young. His father was a businessman and had no enough time to cultivate him, while his mother, who was once ambitious to be a Christian poet, gave him much influence on literature. Eliot studied first at Smith Academy in St. Louis, and then went to Harvard for both his undergraduate and graduate studies under the guidance of the famous scholars Irving Babbitt and George Santayana. Both of them influenced him a lot on his later writing. Later, he went to Paris and England. He was fascinated by the poetry of Jules La-Forgue and other recent French poets. After the First World War broke out, he left Germany to study Greek philosophy at Oxford on the Oxford philosopher F.H. Bradley, whose work gave him much help in mind. Eliot also cherished Dante’s works, which also influenced him a lot in his later writings.

In 1914, Eliot met Ezra Pond, the founder of the Imagist movement in poetry, who also put forward the slogan “make it new”. It was Ezra Pond who first found Eliot’s genius in poetry. Pond gave Eliot a lot of help and also gave the imagery effect on him. With the help of Ezra Pond, T.S. Eliot published his first poem “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” in Chicago’s “Poetry” in 1915. And Eliot became world famous after publishing The Waste Land in 1922.

For the reason of various influences, Eliot’s poems appear complex and difficult to understand. Eliot used so many images and allusions in his poems that readers are often confused. Eliot showed us a clear-cut picture of the modern world and what the modern men look like. Besides he explores our mind and imaginations by his poems. He is a great poet in the 20th century.

2. The detailed features of modern men described in T.S. Eliot’s early poems

Eliot had experienced two world wars. In his eyes, the world was not as beautiful as the romantic poets described. The Western civilization had been rotten at that time. And the people were not as pure as they used to be. They began to worship money and became greedy. Many people became more practical in their eyes. Money or material abundant was the most important. People became materialized. At the same time, their spirit was becoming empty. They suffered from serious psychological illness.

With the rapid development of Western industries, the major imperialist countries were not satisfied with the reality. They were searching more and more interests so they planned to invade other countries and the First World War broke out in 1914. Europe hadn’t suffered from the worldwide war for nearly one hundred years; so people were really frightened and confused by the sudden war. After the war, the life changed a lot. As famous British poet William Butler Yeats wrote in his poem The Second Coming: “Things fall apart; the center cannot hold, Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and every where, The ceremony of innocence is drowned, The best lack all conviction, while the Worst, Are full of passionate intensity.” [1]

To cater for the need of the capitalist class, the United States entered the war in 1917. Many Western countries were damaged by this naïve war except the United States. The sudden transition from war to peace led to some problems. Some people lost their way to live after the war; some of them were despair and became spiritually empty. Immediately after the war, the U.S. entered a period of industrial boom that was based on the progress of science and technology. But there were also potential problems---the U.S. fell into a great depression soon.

T.S. Eliot, being an experienced and observant thinker, saw the world and people’s life clearly. He told us what the modern world and modern men were like with his own experiences in his critical poems. His poetry may be divided into two periods: the early period from 1915 to 1925, the later period from 1927 onward, 1927 being the year in which he became a British citizen and was received into the Church of England.[2] In his early poems, Eliot expressed his personal feeling of disillusionment, including “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”, which is also known as “Prufrock” (1915), “Portrait of a Lady” (1910), “Gerontion” (1919), The Waste Land (1922), and The Hollow Men (1925). In these poems, the readers can find the modern men as incapable as Prufrock in “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”, as hopeless as the little old man in “Gerontion”, and as empty as scarecrows in The Hollow Men.

2.1. Prufrock---the self-portrait of modern men in “Prufrock”

2.1.1 Brief introduction of this poem

Prufrock is a typical kind of modern men that Eliot described in the poem “Prufrock”. We will see his emotional conflicts and incapability to love from this poem. The speaker Prufrock is Eliot’s first self-portrait in a distorting mirror.[3] He is a frustrated individual character in the poem, which reveals the spiritual crisis of modern intellectuals.

This poem captures the insanity, intensity and sheer length, width and breadth of human feelings. It is an examination of the tortured psyche of the prototypical modern man --- overeducated, eloquent but emotionally still. It develops a theme of frustration and emotional conflict.[4]

Prufrock is the image of an ineffectual, sorrowful, tragic twentieth-century western man, possibly the modern intellectual. His tragic flaw is timidity; his “cures” is his idealism. Knowing everything, but unable to do nothing, he lives in an area of life and death, and is caught between the two worlds, he belongs to neither. [5]

The epigraph to this poem is from Dante’s Inferno:“S’io credessi che mia risposta fosse/ A persona che mai tornasse al mondo, / Questa fiamma staria senza piu scosse. / Ma perciocche giammai di questo fondo/ Non torno vivo alcun, s’i’odo il vero, / Senza tema d’infamia ti rispondo”. It describes Prufrock’s ideal listener: one who is as lost as the speaker and will never betray to the world the content of Prufrock’s present confessions. In the world Prufrock describes, though, no such sympathetic figure exists; he must be content with silent reflection.

2.1.2 The understanding of the name – J. Alfred Prufrock

The name of J. Alfred Prufrock is an ironic image. The name of Prufrock is that of a furniture dealer in St Louis while his initial “J” sounds tony and classy, giving one a sense of the upper class to which he belongs. [6] However, when we hear of the name, we cannot help laughing. “The muttering retreats (line5)/Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels (line6)/And sawdust restaurant with oyster-shells.(line7)” Judging from this description, actually, Prufrock lives in a seedy, raw world. It is a world where there is no social unity, and where there is elegance and beauty of a kind such as divorced from force and vitality. It is a trivial world of total emptiness.[7] He is not rich, but he tries to dress well, giving the readers a sense of notable.

Prufrock consists of two words: prude and frock. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, prude refers to the person who behaves in an extremely or unnaturally proper manner, especially one who is too easily shocked by sexual matters.[8] It just reflects that J. Alfred Prufrock is so overcautious, hesitant and also be afraid of failure. It is also the very reason why he gets such pain of psyche. T.S. Eliot once said that: “When one wants to do something, if he considers too much that could only make him hesitant and dare not to move forward. Frock means the long loose gown with sleeves worn by monks.[9] This word reflects Prufrock’s status in the society and it also implies that the emotional condition of a coward is the common phenomenon in the middle and upper class in modern society.

2.1.3 Puritanism and J. Alfred Prufrock

(ⅰ) Puritanism

Puritanism refers to the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans, while puritan refers to the person who is extremely strict in morals and who tends to regard pleasure as sinful.[10] Puritanism emphasizes strictness and austerity in conduct and religion. Most men held ideas in the mainstream of Calvinistic thought. In addition to believing in the absolute sovereignty of God, the total depravity of man, and the complete dependence of human beings on divine grace for salvation, they stressed the importance of personal religious experience. These Puritans insisted that they, as God‘s elect, had the duty to direct national affairs according to God‘s will as revealed in the Bible. In the 19th century its influence was indirect, but it can still be seen at work stressing the importance of education in religious leadership and demanding that religious motivations be tested by applying them to practical situations.

(ⅱ) J. Alfred Prufrock—the victim of Puritanism

Prufrock is a victim of the Puritanism. The Prufrocks are the people who T.S. Eliot is familiar with. On one hand, these kinds of people are timid and sensitive intellectuals in western society. They might come from the upper class. They are well dressed and self-conscious, longing for love; on the other hand, they are afraid of that absurdity would spoil their fame. This is the typical case of the people who have always been born-shortcoming troubled by stirring desire and hope. He is trapped by Puritanism. Though he is longing for love, he dares not to speak it out. It is the belief in Puritanism that Prufrock thinks the sexual relationship between male and female is sin. The over depression of themselves leads them to disorder in spirit, and at last they suffer from serious mental illness. Prufrock is an archetype of modern western people.

Puritanism makes him depressed and hesitate to move forward. On one side, as a believer of Puritanism, just like the characters described in Henry James’ novels, Prufrock is eager to gain experience, which is reflected in puritan culture. He cherishes the illusion of romantic love, dreaming of getting a gentle lover. However, he cannot put his mind into action till the end. On the other side, Prufrock is a person who also has certain life experiences. He knows something about the upper class in Boston: “And I have known all already, known them all---”(line49) in spite of this, he does take further action to long for his ideal lover. “I have measured out my life with coffee spoons”(line51) reflects Prufrock’s detest and his feeling of uneasiness towards the genteel society and the boring life. He also tries his best to escape from it, but his attempt is in vain.

2.1.4 The features of the modern image reflected in this poem

(ⅰ)Timidity--- the very root of Prufrock’s pain leading to his hesitation

To Prufrock, his pain is caused by love and his own timidity. Traditionally, the love song is based on the convincing arguments, complaining about the cruelty and indifference of the lovers, expressing the very pain between the lovers. As usual, when a man wants to pursue a woman, he often tries to persuade her with his vigorous speech, and persuades his lover to cherish the time and to enjoy the happy time with him for the time is so limited and waits for no one.[11] In traditional love poems, though the heroes in the poems may be extremely miserable and also complain about it all the time, he is often confident and never gives up. However, in T.S. Eliot’s poem “Prufrock” the case is completely opposite. J. Alfred Prufrock is timid, shy and lack of confidence. He is a failure figure, a tragic character with certain odd personality. When he faces the pain, he neither outcries loudly to the common people nor tears sadly. However, he prefers to hinder his pain, his desire in his deep heart. This seems to be his merit, but this is just his very reason he fails in the end. He is so depressed that he cannot control his own feeling any more.

In his interior monologue, “Let us go then, you and I, (line1) /When the evening is spread out against the sky (line2)”, Prufrock divides himself into a you and an I---a public outward personality and a thinking, inert sensitive self. The dissociation is continually ascribed to the failure of nerve, an essential timidity. Prufrock does not dare to make his visit to his lover, just as the speaker in The Waste Land fails to address the hyacinth girl and the hollow Men are transfixed by eyes they dare not meet in dreams. Here Prufrock fails to confront his selfhood from the beginning. As soon as the readers hear what Prufrock speaks at the beginning, they can see what kind of person Prufrock belongs to obviously.

The image of evening does not give us a quiet and free mode. Instead, it is “like a patient etherized upon a table” (line3). Here the evening is changed into an unconscious, lifeless patient. It implies the essence of the modern life. In this environment, Prufrock is in dilemma and trapped into conflicts. Prufrock needs contact with common people, and hopes he can do the things he ought to do, expressing his true feeling to his lover. However, Prufrock is afraid to contact with opposite sex. He knows he is longing for her. However, he is afraid of refusal, his inner thoughts and fears won’t allow him to risk the seeking of actual love, so he does nothing to contact with her further.

Generally speaking, when a man is going to see his sweetheart, he will be very excited. He would just go on even if he failed at last instead of leaving regrets for the reason of hesitation. However, Prufrock is completely opposite to the traditional man who is longing for his lover. At the beginning of the poem, Prufrock is planning to visit his girlfriend, but till the end of the poem, Prufrock does not make any real closer contact with her. All the actions and behaviors happen on the way to his girlfriend’s home or we can also say that Prufrock does not move any way at all. He just stands in a place, thinking in his inner mind and this way is too long and too curve for him. It is the portrait of Prufrock’s innermost being. Of course, for Prufrock’s very shortcomings, it is impossible for him to succeed in the end. Prufrock is hesitant like the prince Hamlet in Shakespeare’s famous work Hamlet. He is destined to failure. If we say what Hamlet struggles with is his inner heart, and we can say what Prufrock struggles with is his emotional conflicts as to ‘whether to express his true feelings or not.’ He does not express his feeling but just hesitates all the time; he is trapped by his spiritual debates.

“And indeed there will be time (line 23) /There will be time, there will be time (line 26)/Time for you and time for me (line 31).” The repetitions of these sentences are the real reflection of Prufrock’s emotional conflicts and hesitant inner being. Prufrock also tries to escape from the boring life. But he finds there are only “coffee spoons” and “butt-ends” in his life. The world is just like a patient and “In the room the women come and go (line13)/ Talking of Michelangelo. (line14)” Prufrock detests the snobbery, the pathosis and the untruth of the upper society. It is Prufrock’s timidity that makes him hesitant all the time. If Prufrock were not so hesitant, he would have more chance, and perhaps the girl would accept his love.

(ⅱ) Self-deception--- another illness of Prufrock

Prufrock is also a man who is self-deceiving: “There will be time, there will be time (line26)/To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet…(line27)” But is there enough time left for him. The answer is of course “No”, “With a bald spot in the middle of my hair (line40)”— Prufrock is becoming older and older, the time left for him is becoming less and less. As time goes on, it is impossible for him to do the things as he wishes, and Prufrock will die very quickly. “Do I dare (line45)/ Disturb the universe? (line46)” In fact, Prufrock dares not to act. We all know Prufrock needs love. We know his eager for love. We can also understand his emotional condition when he keeps on saying: “There will be time, there will be time. (line26)” However, after all, time waits for no one, there will be not enough time left for him with the time flying. From Prufrock’s words we know Prufrock is a man who is self-deceiving just when he first appears at the beginning of the poem. Self-deception is Prufrock’s clear illness. As usual, when people meet difficulties or frustrations, the only thing they can do is to face the reality. Self-deceiving is useless for them. If they go on cheating themselves without realizing it, they would fall into trouble. In the last verses, the party winds down but he still chooses to torture himself desperately, trying to find a way to reconfigure his persona: “Shall I part my hair behind? Do I dare to eat a peach? (line122)” However, all of these attempts will be useless and hopeless. He is cheating himself. If Prufrock could admit that time is limited and try his best to do the things he wants to do as quickly as possible rather than self-deceiving, he might succeed at last.

(ⅲ) The lack of will and confidence

Prufrock lacks will and confidence. Prufrock never develops his will and confidence to face death and reality. He lacks the will to act in accordance with his stirring soul, but covers himself under the protection of western civilization. He also lacks human feelings. From the words Prufrock says we know what concerns him most is his own inaction rather than the development of his will and confidence to seek actual love. As the party winds down, we can tell that Prufrock will not be lucky tonight or forever. Although Prufrock knows the woman, and even he knows everything very well, just for the lack of will, what he knows become useless. He is doomed to fail for the part of lack of will and confidence.

(ⅳ) Sensitivity that makes Prufrock behave like a woman

In most people’s opinion, women are usually more sensitive than men. In “Prufrock”, the speaker differs from the common men. He is sensitive like a woman or more sensitive than women. He is too sensitive with his own appearance. When he faces the arms bracelet, white and bare, he would guess that women will say: “But how his arms and legs are so thin.” [12] Prufrock might know too much. He is in deep starvation that exceeds the common starvation. It is unrealistic to satisfy his starvation. Perhaps only after he becomes an animal and returns to the unconscious nature, might he feel a little relaxed: “I should have been a pair of ragged claws, (line73) / Scuttling across the floors of silent sea. (line74)” We know the claws have a pair of pin cirrus, and they touch many things. Like the claws, Prufrock could not get rid of such “pin cirrus”, for he lives in such a genteel society and is afraid of failure or just a little frustration that he is always overcautious in doing anything. Prufrock’s nature is timidity, which would enhance his sensitivity. A man who is too sensitive cannot fulfill his dreams, which is reflected clearly from Prufrock.

(ⅴ)Psychosexual anxiety---the very root of Prufrock’s paralysis

Prufrock’s paralysis revolves around his social and sexual anxieties. Prufrock, as a balding, weak, neurotic, effete intellectual, is both baffled and intimidated by women. Perhaps the central image of his anxiety is being “pinned and wriggling on the wall (line58)” under unflinching gaze of women (exacerbated since the women’s eyes, much like their “Arms that are braceleted and white and bare (line63)”, seems eerily disconnected from their bodies). At least here the women seem to be paying attention to him, however hostile they may be. By the end of the poem, Prufrock feels ostracized from the society of women, the “mermaids singing, each to each. (line124)/I do not think that they sing to me (line125)”. Interestingly, the beautiful, vain mermaids comb the “white hair of the waves blown back (line127)”. As hair is a symbol of virility, we can see that Prufrock’s paralysis is deeply rooted in his psychosexual anxiety.

2.2 Gerontion--- a little old man full of hopelessness

2.2.1 The understanding of “Gerontion”

In an unbearably dry day, in a decayed, wind-sieged day, there sits a hopeless little old man, waiting for the rain. Gerontion consists of two morphemes: Geront from Greek and a scornful affix “tion”.[13] Gerontion is not a person but one among many possible incarnations of the meaning of his name in Greek, “little old man.” The little old man who lives in the ruined house in windy space is a reflection of the people in T.S. Eliot’s time: brain-withered in Europe’s war-shattered civilization, longing for salvation.

2.2.2 The features of Gerontion as a character in “Gerontion”

“Gerontion” was written in 1919---about one or two years after the First World War. “Gerontion” marks the growth of despair and disillusionment in the poem that eventually leads up to The Waste Land.[14] In that period, the Western civilization was decaying. The speaker in this poem is a little old man on the verge of death. He lives in a terrible place, throughout his life; he is a mediocre man all the time and accomplishes nothing. Gerontion might be the victim of the First World War. Besides, he is stuffed with his “history”.

“I was neither at hot gates (line3)/Nor fought in the warm rain (line4)/Nor knee deep in the salt marsh, heaving a cutlass, (line5)/Bitten by flies, fought.(line6)” Gerontion’s mind wanders backward, however, not upward, and then forward through a series of wars that Gerontion feels would have compensated him if he had been there to fight. Here‘hot gate’refers to the battle of Thermopylae in ancient Greece in 480 B.C. He thinks of history as a system of corridors ingeniously contrived to confuse and finally to corrupt the human race. When Gerontion compares himself with the great heroes and compares the things he does with the great events in the history, he finds himself so insignificant that it is impossible to get into the heaven after he dies. When one tries to recall his past, but only finds that nothing worthy of being remembered, he would be extremely sad. So does the little old man. He has realized the exhausting of his body and also his spiritual strength. The image of Gerontion is just the modern men in the early twentieth century: feeble, decayed, humble and insignificant, he does nothing good for the society while vainly hopes to get the salvation from the God. From here we can see Gerontion is a little old man, who has little to boast of about his past exploits. Gerontion has neither notable exploits for the nation in the war time nor magnificent and earth-shaking feat in the peace time. Till he dies, he is still with a “dry brain.” However, he has seen much of the world (people like Mr. Silvero, Hakagawa, Madame de Tornquist, Fraulein von Kulp, and knowledge of “whispering ambitious”, “vanities”, “unnatural vices” and “impudent crimes”). He is now at the end of his tether.

The little old man’s personal feeling of sadness over his unimportance can be felt in every way “I an old man,(line15) / A dull head among windy spaces.(line16)” These lines suggest the general mood of despair for all people and all things in the western world. It’s Eliot’s personal feeling of disillusionment as well as the general despair of the people of Western Europe over the crisis of Western civilization.

This is also a contrast about the secular history of Europe between the splendid past and the dismal present. Gerontion symbolizes that the Western civilization has gone rotten. “Among whispers; by Mr. Silvero (line23)/With caressing hands, at Limoges (line24)/Who walked all night in the next room;(line25)/By Hakagawa, bowing among the Titians;(line26)/By Madame de Tornquist, in the dark room/Shifting the candles (line27); Fraulein von Kulp (line28)”. These mysterious foreign figures who rise shadow-like in Gerontion’s mind are the inheritors of desolation.

Gerontion has already described himself as “an old man in a draughty house,” and his “house” of history has its corridors and passages and issues. “She gives when our attention is distracted (line37)/ And what she gives, gives with such supple confusions(line38)/That the giving famishes the craving. Gives too late(line39)/What’s not believed in, or if still believed,(line40) /In memory only, reconsidered passion.(line41)” This is merely self-deception. Gerontion shifts the blame for his own situation from himself onto history: Gives too soon(line41)/Into weak hands, what’s thought can be dispensed with(line42)/Till the refusal propagates a fear. Think(line43)/ Neither fear nor courage saves us. Unnatural vices(line44)/Are fathered by our heroism. Virtues(line45)/Are forced upon us by our impudent crimes(line46). According to Gerontion, neither passive fear nor active courage will save us, because history has duped us, perverting our heroic intentions. However, Gerontion’s understanding of history is a rationalization of his own incapability to act or feel. The narrator of Gerontion does not understand that his knowledge of history is his own “ideal construction” that the vision of historical chaos is a product of the mind that cannot unify the present and the past, and that history is not something separated from the life of the individual in the present.

From this poem we can find some deliberate echoes of “Prufrock”. Prufrock’s hesitant movement towards the woman of his quest through labyrinthine streets is picked up in Gerontion’s movement through the labyrinth of history towards a protagonist who turns out surprisingly to be female and peculiarly sexual in the knowledge she promises: “I would meet you upon this honestly…(line54)/I have lost my sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch(line59)/How should I use them for your closer contact?(line60)” Prufrock’s dandy vision of mermaids by the shore being matched by Gerontion’s more isolated vision of gull against the wind, remote and lost to man.[15]

Gerontion was a tragic figure after the First World War--- the time Europe was greatly damaged. The little old man might lose his son or daughter and he became a lonely man in the world. He had to face the rotten world and the lost of relatives. He cannot see any hope but becomes dismal and passionless gradually. “I have lost my sight, a smell, heating, taste and touch(line59); How should I use them for your closer contact? (line60)” From here we know Gerontion has nothing left. We can see Gerontion is too serious about his “history”, and he is stuffed by his “history”. After the war, he lost everything. The only thing he has is “pain”. He is absolutely hopeless and in despair. The only thing he can do is to sit in the decayed house, waiting for death.

2.3 The Hollow Men --- scarecrow-like modern men

2.3.1 Brief introduction of The Hollow Men

The Hollow Men was written in 1925, a few years after the First World War. After we have observed Prufrock’s spiritual debate and incompetence to love, the little old man’s hopelessness, we will see the spiritual emptiness of modern men from The Hollow Men. This poem might be T.S. Eliot’s summary of the modern men whom he has described in the former two poems. In Eliot’s eyes, all the modern men in that period are without any soul, they are completely hollow men.

This poem is a comment on the moral and spiritual emptiness of society at that time, and indeed characteristic of the disillusionment after the First World War. The modern men are devoid of faith and spirituality.

2.3.2 The understanding of the epigraphs

The hollow men are typical figures in this poem. The two epigraphs, “Mistah Kurtz --- he dead” and “A Penny for the Old Guy”, are two exemplary cases of the “hollow men”: Kurtz, the domineering imperialist agent finally dies miserably, lingering death, while the traitor Guy Fawkes, who tries to blow up the parliament building in 1605, is burned up on November 5 every year in the form of a stuffed effigy by children who go around begging for pennies to buy fireworks. In the former case, the “big” men feared by everybody turns out to be hollow and thoroughly contemptible, whereas in the latter case, the scarecrow figure of Old Guy is literally hollow, because he is stuffed. Here Eliot tries to represent two different types of “hollow men” in post-war Western world.[16]

2.3.3 The features of the hollow men

Its background is ‘the dead land’, and the major figure is the dead men without any motivation or any pursuit. They are spiritual empty just like the scarecrows that the farmers used to frighten the birds:” We are the hollow men(line1)/ We are the stuffed men(line2)/ Leaning together(line3)/ Headpiece filled with straw. Alas. (line4)” It is a portrait of those passionless and aimless folks who gather in the modern wasteland after the First World War. The scarecrow is appropriate to designate both the ineptness and spiritual flaccidity of the speaker and his inability to attain love. The figurative straw dummies suffer both physical and spiritual illness.

The hollow men’s “emptiness” in this poem has two implications: one refers to the spiritual emptiness, lack of pursue in spirit; the other refers to the people without any motivation, aimless, which can also be called spirit inertia. ”Shape without form, shade without color, (line11) / Paralyzed force, gesture without motion(line12)”. The lines reflect that the hollow men’s soul is frozen. According to Eliot, if people can devote the whole spirit and the life to the other world as the sage does, it’s a kind of happiness. If not, if they can put their ideals into practice firmly, even though they become the sinners in the end, it would also be a kind of richness.[17]

In the second part of this poem the speaker confesses the impossibility of facing “the eyes,” even in dreams, in the dream kingdom of his world; and in his imagination he encounters only their symbolic counterparts—sunlight, a tree, voices in the wind. Here the lost eyes are the upbraiding eyes of incarnating his redemption: the speaker takes refuge in apathy; he desires to think of himself only as a scarecrow.

In T.S. Eliot’s opinion, the civilized people in the West are not really alive. So they are described to be living in “the dead land”, “the cactus land”, “this hollow valley”, “this broken jaw of our lost kingdom”, or “this beach of the tumid river.”[18] The hollow men might be about men during or just after the First World War. They are hollow men because they never have a chance to experience life. They are stuffed with violence. They could not escape the “shadow” of the war.

In the fifth and last section the author points out the fine and not-so-fine contradictions of increasing complexity in modern life: “Between the idea (line72)/And the reality (line73)/Between the motion(line74)/And the act(line75)/Falls the Shadow. (line76)” The shadow often gives us a bad feeling. The modern men after the First World War might be still living in shadow; they lost their directions after the war; the sudden change from war to peace made them confused. The Western civilization was greatly damaged; they did not know what their future would be, and what kinds of fates they would have. The shadow also implies Prufrockian inertia that he is incapable of connecting imagination and reality. The “shadow” which falls between idea and reality, conception and creation, emotion and response, desire and spasm, potency and existence is the paralysis that seizes men who live in a completely subjective world. The shadow might hold back the hollow men when they have a sudden and good idea and attempt to do it.

In the end the hollow man says, “This is the way the world ends(line95)/This is the way the world ends(line96)/ This is the way the world ends(line97)/ Not with a bang but with a whimper. (line98)” This may be the poet’s prediction of the future fate of Western civilization and so the apathy of people. As a common person, he came into the world silently so does he leave the world. When the common man dies there is not a big deal heard around the world, for he is so negligible or insignificant. People go on with their lives as if nothing happened. No one would care for his death. He dies unnoticed by others.

In this poem, the speaker anticipates with dread “that final meeting”. The men grope together “In this last of meeting places”. The final section, in its generalized abstraction of all that has gone before, tells us “this is the world end.” At last, the hollow men cannot avoid death.

After the War, the people were becoming empty in spirit. They had no beliefs and they were also afraid of those who had beliefs and wisdom. In fact, there were many people like the hollow men in the Western world after the First World War. They dare not to accept the reality. They had not any beliefs or souls. They will die unnoticed in the end.

3. The modern men revealed in T.S. Eliot’s early poetry

The theme of Eliot’s early poetry is death. The speakers in his early poems are the representative characters in the modern society during or after the First World War. All of these men suffer from spiritual crisis. They are hopeless; the only thing they can do is to wait for death.

Prufrock is a middle-aged, ineffectual, sorrowful, tragic twentieth century Western man. He is possibly the modern intellectual who is divided between passion and timidity, between desire and importance. The modern men like Prufrock are born with certain shortcomings. They are timid, hesitant, self-deceiving, unconfident, sensitive and anxious. However, the very root of their pains is based on their timidity. Somehow they might be the victims of the rotten Western civilization. Their individualities are stuffed by the Western civilization. In a genteel society, under such environment, the modern men like Prufrock feel lonely, dissimilated. They also attempt to break away from the genteel society but fail in despair.

Gerontion, the little old man, is a less stable and less identifiable persona than any speakers in Eliot’s early poems. At the same time, what he speaks has more menace because it echoes more hollowly.[19] Gerontion is stuffed by his “history”. He is a typical character after the First World War. For the damage of the war, the modern men like Gerontion become hopeless and lonely, facing the rotten and decayed world; the modern men see no hope but become dismal. They are the creation of the rotten world.

The hollow men are stuffed with straws. The modern men like the hollow men are empty in spirit and lead insignificant life. They appear spiritually dead; they are only flesh and blood without souls. They have no beliefs and they are also afraid of those who have beliefs and wisdom. In fact, there are many people like the hollow men in the Western world just after the First World War. They dare not to accept the reality. They have not any beliefs or souls. They will die in the end.

They all suffer from spiritual emptiness. In such society condition for such person as Prufrock, Gerontion and the hollow men who are born with fatal shortcomings, there is only the same fate waiting for them that is death.

4. Conclusion

From the above analyses of the modern figures in T.S. Eliot’s early poems, we can see the writing style of the author. T.S. Eliot is a perceptive poet. He has many life experiences. With his special insight, he sees society clearly and reveals the real portraits of modern men to us. Prufrock, stuffed by the Puritanism and the Western civilization, is full of conflicts in his innermost being. He is planning to visit his lover but he is so hesitant and timid that he does not make any closer contact at all. His fate is clear. The modern men like Prufrock are also the real hollow men; they are also empty in spirit. Gerontion, a little old man, in the decayed house, remembering his trivial and insignificant things in the past, is hopeless; he is waiting for death. The hollow men are stuffed with straws like the scarecrows in the field without any souls. They suffer from spiritual emptiness, fearing the truth. These figures are all the “hollow men” without anything. Prufrock, Gerontion and the hollow men are the incarnations of the modern men during and after the First World War.

As usual, works written in a certain society environment are usually the mirrors to reflect the society situation in that period. T.S. Eliot’s poems have no exception. He is a modernist writer. His poems are the mirrors to reveal the modern men in that period. He reveals the spiritual crisis of modern people. The world we are living now is full of competition, and many people suffer from the spiritual emptiness. We ought to learn to adjust to the modern world and try not to become the people like hollow men, Prufrock and Gerontion. They are going to die in the end. Hell is their destination.

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